Watchdogs
The platforms won't police themselves. These independent nonprofits, NGOs and research organisations do the scrutiny instead — auditing algorithms, testing ad systems and documenting the harms. We catalogue their work so it's citeable in one place.
- CCDH40 reports
CCDH
Nonprofit NGO / Watchdog & Research Org
London (UK), Washington DC (US), Brussels (Belgium)
- AI Forensics22 reports
AI Forensics
Nonprofit algorithmic-audit research org
Europe (Paris/Berlin)
- Global Witness21 reports
Global Witness
NGO / investigative research
London, UK
- EU DisinfoLab18 reports
EU DisinfoLab
Nonprofit research NGO
Brussels, Belgium
- Check First15 reports
Check First
Research & methodologies org
Helsinki, Finland
- ISD13 reports
ISD
Institute for Strategic Dialogue — independent think tank
London, UK
- CDT10 reports
CDT
Nonprofit Research, Advocacy & Policy Org
Washington, DC (US)
- AlgorithmWatch8 reports
AlgorithmWatch
Nonprofit NGO / Algorithmic Accountability Research Org
Berlin, Germany
- The Markup7 reports
The Markup
Nonprofit Investigative Journalism & Research Newsroom
New York, NY (US)
- Access Now6 reports
Access Now
International Nonprofit Digital Rights Org
HQ: New York, NY (US); Presences: Brussels, Berlin, Tunis, Delhi, Nairobi, Manila, San José (Costa Rica)
- Mozilla4 reports
Mozilla
Nonprofit foundation
San Francisco, US
- Public Knowledge4 reports
Public Knowledge
Nonprofit Public Interest Research & Advocacy
Washington, DC (US)
- Panoptykon3 reports
Panoptykon
Digital-rights foundation
Warsaw, Poland
- Data & Society2 reports
Data & Society
Nonprofit Research Institute
New York, NY (US)
- EFF2 reports
EFF
Nonprofit Digital Rights Defense Org
San Francisco, CA (US)
- RDR1 report
Ranking Digital Rights
Independent Nonprofit Research Initiative / NGO
International (US origins; independent as of 2026)
- Online Risk Labs
Online Risk Labs
Independent research organization
Czech Republic