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Clickbait Cures: Unmasking the Deceptive Health Ad Infrastructure on Meta and Google

Collected 350,549 Facebook ads and 2,073 Google ads (2023-2026) promoting unregulated nutraceuticals with false medical claims, reaching an estimated 878 million accounts across the EU on Facebook; 20% of the 390 products studied had been flagged by EU or national health authorities as illegal or dangerous, yet coordinated advertiser networks kept promoting them.

Uneven Moderation by Language: Differences in DSA Content Removals in 2025

Companion study finding that content reported in smaller or minority EU languages was removed far less often (23.3%) than content reported in major languages (40.2%), pointing to language-based gaps in how platforms moderate under the DSA.

Uneven Moderation Across Platforms: Differences in DSA Content Removals in 2025

Of 13,187 posts and comments reported under the DSA across seven EU languages in 2025, 34.6% were removed overall, but action rates ranged from 71.3% on YouTube down to 12.5% on X, a roughly 5.7x disparity that evidences sharply uneven DSA enforcement between platforms.

Report on the 45th Canadian General Election

Monitoring of Canada's April 2025 federal election found election-themed scam ads widespread on Meta and X, CCP-aligned narratives circulating on Chinese-language platforms, and TikTok's feed favouring US content despite majority-Canadian creators; the report calls for stronger researcher data access.

The Dormant Danger: How Meta Ignores Large-Scale Inauthentic Behavior Networks of Malicious Advertisers

Mapped seven dormant networks totalling about 3.8 million Facebook pages reused for political propaganda and scams, and found Meta consistently removes individual ads while leaving the underlying inauthentic-behaviour networks intact, a systemic DSA compliance gap.

Verified Disinformation: How X Profits From the Rise of a Pro-Kremlin Network

Documented a network of about 530 inauthentic X accounts that doubled over five months and used paid verification to amplify Kremlin-aligned propaganda in six languages, posting roughly 16,000 times between June and October 2024 to EU audiences, with X monetising the Doppelganger-linked operation.

So We Meet Again, Botiful: Latent Fake Ad Network Persists on Meta Two Years Since Doppelganger

Research note showing Meta continues to overlook large-scale networks of automated dormant fake pages reused for political and scam advertising, including Kremlin-affiliated Doppelganger campaigns targeting the EU and Moldova.

Profiting from Propaganda: How Meta Benefits from Pro-Kremlin Election Meddling Ads in Moldova

Co-published with WatchDog.md: a pro-Kremlin campaign paid Meta about EUR 300,000 over 18 months, nearly a quarter of Moldova's political ad spend since August 2020, running 150+ inauthentic pages with disinformation and deepfakes ahead of Moldova's elections while Meta failed to dismantle the network.

Doppelganger Revamped: Network of Verified Accounts Spreads Multilingual Propaganda on X

Research note documenting about 250 inauthentic X accounts, nearly half of them verified, activated in coordinated clusters from June 2024 to spread Kremlin-aligned content in five languages and hijack trending hashtags such as Euro 2024, raising monetisation and verification concerns.

Under the Radar: Vast Networks of Fake Accounts Raise Questions About Meta's Compliance with the EU's New Digital Rulebook

Uncovered an ad network of at least 242,000 fake Facebook pages, alongside a second ecosystem of more than 340,000 pages, pushing Russian propaganda and scams across 32+ EU countries; despite prior warnings from September 2022, Meta had failed to act, making this one of the earliest and most-cited DSA compliance challenges to Meta.